Pictured: Jairo Chaparro Valderrama Carnival Forum. Board Local Administrator of Puente Aranda, 2003
CHAPTER 1 THE CARNIVAL OF BOGOTA
By: Jairo Chaparro Valderrama [1]
"Applying "festival" as an educational area for the development of heritage consciousness "(Convenio Andres Bello)
Carnival not only alters the gray routine with explosive joy. Not only disrupts the social norms that, in its absurd but powerful strutting formal, often placed heavy stones on the human soul. The Carnival also to allow free flow Talanquera of individual and collective creativity in the wider stage of public space, creates a deep sense of belonging to the City.
The accelerated destruction they have suffered a sense of belonging with Colombia during the second half of the twentieth century, it also has to do, among many other factors, with the loss of its many public holidays and the fragmentation of the same in a narrow range small neighborhood celebrations.
CARNIVAL IN-Laguna
The Muiscas celebrated the arrival of the planting and harvesting times, the arrival of a new chief to the throne of the county or the arrival of the chosen Zipa sacred throne, with long communal feasts. They generally begin with an absolutely solemn act, to continue later with dancing, plenty of eating and drinking, enjoy lovemaking sessions dilated body, athletic competition and practice games like shuffleboard [2] .
prominently in the beginning of the festivities, they held the rites celebrated around the lakes, which were of great sacred value to the citizens and all other groups in the nation muisca. They were deposited gold leaf and precious stones that serve as an ex-votos [3] served to hold the favor of the gods. Around these natural mirrors muiscas monitored by priests, decorated processions were verified with songs and music shells, whistles and drums, lit the initiation rites of chiefs and made representations in which some young people wearing masks of different animals.
"Not yet dawn, and everything is ready for the parade to the deified lagoon. To the sound of flutes, piccolos and drums, the procession to the shrine. Motley crowd wearing costumes, follows the beat of the musicians, singing prayers and prayers. Then the bier come true ... On the sides and behind the sovereign, nurtured Guecho cords or warriors, carrying arrows, spears, they follow the procession ... The cacique. . . to pronounce their heartfelt prayers and excited cast into the bottom of the lake's most beautiful sacred emeralds ... tunjos gold, animals made of the metal ... while the crowd ... released songs and prayers ... the real shack begins to dress party ... outside, the village has also been given to the celebration. Grotesque masks covering their faces ... others shout and sing to the tune of flutes and piccolos ... All is glory, excitement, fun. The people purified by prayer ... Comes now, to the feast and the orgy " [4]
The Muiscas, which formed a sector of first order in the city until the eighteenth century and were fundamental aspect in the flow of urban mixed-je, the festivities moved to public dances, part of their rituals and costumes and unbeatable chicha ethyl contribution has extended its controversial presence to the much-discussed urban modernization-ing today.
The English in turn, brought an irrepressible passion for the game and the practices of festivities as Shrovetide and the Corpus, in which also blended the sacred and profane, for long carnival days. Virgin
Carnival The Carnival is the immediate predecessor of the Carnivals that take place today in different parts of the Western world before Ash Wednesday and repentant recollection of the period of Lent. The Shrovetide
[5] despite producing "... disorder, and moral dissolution of the Gospel ...", as re-cried some chaplains of the city, had the approval of the Holy See through Papal Bulls express [6] that had pragmatic able to place limits tolerable to the medieval festivities before very actively involving the clergy in all kinds of disorders, in addition to take place in their own temples, many of the games and carnival dances.
In the city of Santa Fe, the carnival came to a very early news of them are already in the year of 1,561 through the sense of complaint filed by Chief of Ubaque before the Royal Court stating that if English people were allowed bullfights ... carnival masks and did not understand why they were banned Muiscas pleasures that had traditionally used to rid the hardships of working [7] .
From 1686, during Carnival are made primarily in the area where now stands the districts of La Candelaria, Egypt, Bethlehem, Guavio, Los Laches and La Peña, being the epicenter of the National Shrine of Our Lady of La Peña . It is precisely in this year for the carnival dates, starting and authorized public veneration of images of the Holy Family carved from heaven and miraculously found in the hills of La Peña. In this year of 1,686, the Shrovetide occur in the Chapel built on top of the hills to worship images and Our Madame de la Peña is proclaimed Queen and Royal Highness Bogota. "
Initially, these parties had a duration of six days and starts with Mass. Upon completion of worship, followed one another interminable-able and gaming enthusiasts, "wars" of flour, essence, tincture or water [8] , skills and cockfights that verified in the many tents erected for dancing and eating well, or in pastures where organized rides and pickets. The people liked to dress up as prominent date wearing brightly colored clothing and masks to Along the streets were decorated with floral arches.
subsequently reduced to three days duration. Let us by way of example, their overall programming during the reign of the Capuchin Fathers in La Pena, 1906-1914:
Saturday: started the celebrations down in Santa Fe, with the novena to the Blessed Virgin in the Monastery La Concepción. This novena was preceded by a picture of Gregory Arce y Ceballos depicting sacred images of La Peña.
In the night, up in the Sanctuary was the night worship of images until dawn on Sunday.
Sunday: Mass
* 3 am
* sacramental procession by the Plaza de La Peña
* Blessing of the capital, with his Divine Majesty
* 6 am Mass * Mass Diaconate
9 pm, which rose and many pilgrims along the 6th Street.
* Presentations of children and singing salves and opening
* Installation of awnings in which they ate, drank, danced, sang and played
Monday / Tuesday:
* Masses of 6 am and 9 pm
* More and more " fojorro "in tents and canteens that were organized around the road leading to the shrine from the Barrios Bethlehem, Egypt and La Candelaria. On Tuesday
already the carnival as outputs evangelical channels, which the Capuchins built three rooms to hold these holiday dates: one had a decent job of hospice, the second was stable, but the third had the embarrassing title of "drunk tank."
Ash Wednesday all concurred with the happiness that leaves the carnival and regret ordering so solemn day, to receive the sign of the cross and reaffirm their faith in Christ.
were so talked about the Fiestas de La Pena during the government of General Reyes (1909), this placed the artillery of the army in the Sanctuary and the city woke up to end of cannon, to warn that were initiated during Carnival of Mary. Found
news of the celebration of Shrovetide in La Peña until the year 1947, the date on which the initiative of the charismatic Father Richard Struve, were replaced by the festivity of Our Lady. The latter have managed to maintain until today and had a time of great splendor, came to last up to 7 days, beginning on August 10 date of discovery of the images. They made pilgrimages to the streets, pilgrimages to the shrine and the Grand Cross which is close to that, kingdoms, bazaars, streets were arranged, was on a stage for cultural performances, fireworks were checked and sold beer, chicha and fried food.
Currently, "the bosses" are three-day prayers, baptisms, first communions, confirmations, marriages, masses, the pilgrimage to the top of the cross, drawing contest, games, sports and recreation for children.
CORPUS let us put
Other parties that stood out among the many that occurred in the city, was the Corpus [9] and subsequent Octave.
As muiscas rites [10] Corpus-like during Carnival, "began with solemn acts of profound mystical content, after which the giving of" inaugurated the holidays. "
The first was the procession that everything froze. In the front is a parade depicting various biblical passages. Next comes the clergy in rigorous training, whereby girls march carrying the ark distinguished [11] , bread, flowers and incense. Then there are the indigenous music and dances. The pompous procession is closed by the soldiers.
pass. Now comes a crowd of matachines representing the devil, tiger, lion, alligator, the shyster, the quacks, the heretic who runs away in horror from the holy procession and multiple characters, with their masks and costumes summon the disorder and bizarre fantasy.
But then there are the giant puppets that soar portentous and fearful, manipulated by an actor hidden visualize what happens around the navel through its disproportionate puppet.
And is there the giant snake bite with deadly threat, leading to the chilly Bogota tachycardia. And, Oh Holy Virgin!, The call Tarasca shape of a turtle with its huge, dangerous and frightening, that managed by a group of boys, rejoice in chasing passersby. And what about the huge whale that opens and closes its jaws on the poor defenseless humanity Jonah or inspire children so tenderly with her dressed as shepherds and their sheep cute.
Meanwhile, all around playful presence of imagination in the streets, develop countless games of chance, stand at the corners arches decorated with flowers, fruits and animals, sold chicha and abundant food, animals are offered odious prisoners in cages, they talk, you run before the onslaught of the fights that have taken their anger and fear to the streets of Santa Fe, pray, rejoice with gunpowder and admire the "havens" raised, by muiscas or neighbors.
latter consist in a uniquely decorated around public water batteries, plants, animals and crafts, evoking the biblical Garden of Eden and the sacredness of water, so dear to the Muisca. Oh, and tents are erected throughout the city: once the party takes place in the Plaza Mayor, will start eight (8) days of revelry in the neighborhoods, organized way to small Corpus: the delicious Octave . ******************
"On the eve of the eighth were placed on doors and windows of colored paper lanterns ... or flashlights enabled windbreaks con sus correspondientes cabos de vela de sebo. En la plazuela se encendían hogueras de frailejón y dondequiera que había garito, venta o chichería, se colgaban faroles cuadrados, forrados en género transparente, en que se anunciaban las comodidades que reportarían los concurrentes de la entrada a esas casas de beneficencia... se empezaba a gozar de los perfumes y vapores de aquel barrio en verdadera combustión: los ajiacos, empanadas, longanizas, morcillas, cuchucos, rostros de cordero, papas chorreadas, chicharrones, tamales, bollos de quiche, encurtidos de la tierra, chicha, pollos a la funerala, pólvora, aguardiente, trementina,etc., etc..., con todo lo demás que no podemos referir... Alas ocho de night .. fireworks began in the act responded thousand shrill whistles from the boys ... The band of musicians broke with the bambuco or whirlwind .. . Was seen feverish movement of people: the fret of the houses .. . With all that was the wardrobe, to pass to function as objects of decoration on doors and windows, no escaping that revolution, but the mattresses and pillows of the bed .. . With paintings and prints of all colors, classes and sizes, covering the walls, heedless of the rules of symmetry and consistency ... (Giving) rather than a. .. major contradictions ... with the impression ... souls in Purgatory, blanket Sancho Panza ... In preparing the Paradise plaza, which was the purgatory of Adam and Eve, figured by two boys half naked and wearing dresses made of feathers, similar to those used by the Indians. With shrubs was an imitation of the park, surrounded with wreaths of laurel .. . From ten o'clock began to move the dancers .. . Had music consisting of drums. panderetay guttural two violins and marching to the beat rigorous six-eight.
Where were compadres or alleged, stopped to dance ... " [12]
was then the Corpus with Octave, prominent party decorating their wondrous manifestations the first fortnight of June [13] . By this time, houses and their inhabitants, were arranged with great care. Were used as garish and gaudy clothes, in the remaining months of the year, when someone was carrying on his humanity, for example, a red scarf on her head, a tangerine blouse, a blue short pants, necklaces, and other quirky accessories personal dressing, shouted: "Corpus dress!". Corpus
Today is only the sacred. However, in some neighborhoods are still rising and floral arches are additional activities to the fervent procession. PROHIBITED
THE POLICE
hit month December
er ~ i in the city, a long succession of Carnival activities, whose most striking moments were the Christmas and the Feast of Three Kings.
During the Ninth, as families gathered around the Nativity scene to pray the rosary and the Joyful Mysteries. Boleros and then danced a dance known as Sanpianito. They also sang to the sound of the guitar. At about 8 pm he took a drink and dinner 10 is as God intended: donuts, pies, chili sauce chicken, steak, turkey, lamb, tender biscuits and cinnamon buns.
Since that time the dumplings were considered emblems Christmas par excellence, even getting used to sending as a gift between friends and neighbors, as well as pies.
After the dinner and went back to playing ball with the quadrille, minuet, the Allemande and Sanpíanito. These gatherings were Christmas "tone", ie everybody had in their best clothes. But after midnight, after dismissing the visitors of etiquette, party a bit more relaxed and couples dances danced before the altar of the time as power inverter, the Paspié and English feet. For the year 1 845, the Nativity epoch of the House of Avila, located three blocks past the Plaza de San Francisco, by the median of Las Nieves to the north, ie, where today is about fa Calle 19. The
crib was in the living room. He had plains, lakes, animals of different species, rivers, waterfalls, cities with houses, streets, men and women, troubadours, roads and hills. A sale or store with thousands of details, was the delight of women and girls. It showed the three wise men walking, followed by 16 carriers with their loads curious and diverse, and three camels with incense boxes, gold and myrrh. He also had the angel of the star, more than 50 pastors, a Roman gladiatorial circus, plantations, mills, a stadium for horse racing a windmill, an ocean beaches and ships and finally there is the cave of the crib with her notorious inhabitants and over it a gold star.
A night of December 1 8 77, the third party Florian Street was invaded from very early not because hundreds of people were pushing to enter a small room where the crib would work Don Antonio Espina, spectacle which had paid 4 reales the ballot. The first tasks were completed with a comedy by Tirso de Molina (one of the great singers of Christmas), entitled "Don Pedro lockers." The role went wild with enthusiasm to all the citizens for their overall performance and virtuosity in handling the puppets. The various scenes were splash-ed by clowning, jokes fine acting talent and great joy. The theater room was this: in the center was the scene on the left side on an artificial hill where there was a saw mill and rural scenes from which were interpreted bambucos. On the right side was a chichería in which some of the scenes represented. Finally, they had houses, castles, huts, rivers, bridges, mills, bridle paths and shady groves that surrounded the stage and from which came the devil to advertise the program.
was a giant puppet operated by six artists so admirable that journalists then could not believe what they saw as the doll appeared live person. The comedy in this show were joking Manger "as the one entitled" A groom as a cake "or criticisms as those representing the National Congress sessions. The seminar, the military school, the parish office, the characters life and miracles of Bogota. School exams were equally represented and interspersed with bambucos and couplets.
dying earlier this century, perhaps in the aftermath of civil wars, the holidays declined significantly, to the point that it was necessary to create a rescue Organizing Meeting in 1922, which was the need to dispatch in the month of December, the following bands:
"statements of public rejoicing and elegant antics the hours between 6 pm and 1 am on Fridays from 22 Saturday 23and Sunday 24, the merry month of the castanets. May be used Triqui-tracheids, totes, pumps, buscaniguas, sparklers, streamers, confetti eggs, flour or fine perfumes.
using explosives is strictly prohibited Series B. .. is also forbidden to hit the policemen. " [14]
Meanwhile the popular Feast of Three Kings who had and thanks to God, have even-as the populous neighborhood epicenter where loved the picture of the Flight of Our Lady of Egypt, bore some resemblance to the runaway Carnestolendas of Our Lady of La Peña.
In the square opposite the church, departed matachines troupes, with outlandish costumes. Leading the parade was the popular Indian Antonio, sweep profession that assaulted the audience with a well inflated bladder beef. The children thought they were a personification of the devil and parents to call to order the boys said "here comes the Indian Antonio." The dancers chicherías pausing in the industry where they were treated to large gourds, so that ended terribly drunk.
A] near the Fiesta, were assembled large white tents decorated with the national flag. The awnings were covered wood enclosures with bay and they are "staying" as santafereños families coming up to participate in the holidays and enjoy the food that the owners of the sheets prepared for the occasion. Unlike today, the Festival had a duration of three days in which they danced and bambuco whirlwind, ate, drank Mistela and Chicha is made excursions into the hills, bonfires were made, they watched the troupe of Kings, prayed, and there were huge fireworks improvised bullfighters were running around the LCCA Vaca (reed-lined armor cowhides whose horns were lit torches of fire.)
sector houses were decorated with laurel, moss and flowers. The citizens had for the occasion guitars, tiple, Bandol and violins, to liven up the dances as by thousands of people in tents, houses and yards. On the day of Egypt Hill looked like a nest. Walks in the surrounding hills, families out on the hunt for grapes and other fruits mortiño wild. Riders in the valleys bathed by that time were still clean water and pickets were in the meadows. To complete this Table of happiness and contentment, everything was very cheap.
AND WHERE ARE THE HOLIDAYS?
Carnestolendas in February, Corpus in June, Aguinaldo in December, Reyes in January and other festivities [15] of urban life made a nice string of changes to social norms, it is almost inconceivable for those who inhabit the city badly today.
What happened to all this delicious cacophony? Where did it go? At what point we lost the carnival vocation?
In the last years of its existence, the carnival delaron be a festival that involved the whole de ¡a ciudad y se circunscribieron mayoritariamente a los pobladores de los barrios aledaños al santuario y a los fervorosos devotos de Nuestra Señora. Igual ha venido ocurriendo con las Fiestas de Reyes Magos en Egipto.
Al parecer, la inestabilidad y el dolor ocasionados por las guerras civiles del siglo pasado, influyeron notablemente en el decaimiento progresivo de los distintos Carnavales bogotanos, llámense carnestolendas, corpus, navidad o reyes. Pero quizás jugó un papel más definitivo la intolerancia alentada desde los partidos y sus distintos gobiernos y desde la iglesia.
Es conocida la oposición que en diversas coyunturas ejerció la curia en contra. de las carnestolendas. Es conocida también the force that made the "truchimán" [16] Santander to tone down the celebrations of August 7, arguing that they served to exalt the memory of Bolivar.
Moreover, the slow and gradual thinning of the Carnival, we talk about unfinished identity as a nation and city.
The existence of such festivals was inextricably linked to two major cultural influences: the English and muisca [17]
Independence was not the creation of a project culture! alternative mode of being English. This way of being that had sustained much of the idiosyncrasy santafereño, has been diluted to this day as the wick of a candle, without any other paradigm to guide us in building a city. On the other hand, culture muisca was a mixture of denial and indifference, which led to their extinction as a way to be clearly distinguished, before falling e! nineteenth-century backdrop [18]
This castration tip and tip, coupled with political violence which had its highest expression in the city during the terrible events of April 948 - and social injustice significantly restricted the hearing of the public holidays and we were deposited in the twentieth century mostly contemplative amusement (though no less fascinating), such as theater, film, television, horses, bulls, football, cycling, etc.
However, despite the dilapidation of cultural capital we had in our hands, to citizens, priests, nuns, the promoters of culture were able to make use of various resources to maintain or recover at the neighborhood level and guild, what the city has denied us as a whole. This is what happens with the parks, the courts, solidarity, and of course, with public holidays. Today
subsist after more than two hundred years, the Festival of Kings in Egypt and also survive the Feast of Our Lady of La Peña. Develop, although intermittently, festivals and carnivals, such as the Food Pantry. Victory, Athens, Perseverance, San Fernando. And they come every year, new parties such as Tibabuyes, Jerusalem, the district Girardot, Teusaquillo. etc.
And, well, we also had over forty years of this century, from 1 922, the Carnival of Students.
AND CAME SEPTEMBER
"In this month .. . Suspending virtually all teaching duties, as college and university students were engaged to prepare the student holiday, with promotion of candidates among the most beautiful of the distinguished families of the capital. Social clubs organized dances, the Committee will work towards their favorite and the whole city went into this cheerful game in a friendly environment, conducive for a day of carnival, once voted the prom queen . Troupes, floats, costumes, streamers, confetti, street musicians and of course plenty of liquor were the ingredients of the festival, which had always required as extras typical family Castañeda [19] and final came the solemn burial of carnival between pantomime feigned weeping. So again and again, with their queens Olga, Elvira, Emilia, Helena, Cecilia and the other for a day that took the scepter in the country of the chimera ephemeral Bogota " [20]
emerged
Students carnival closely linked to the process of their organization as a movement. In fact, the first carnival will be decided in a National Assembly of university students.
They, also involved parents of students, bankers, rñédicos, farmers, journalists, which gave extensive coverage to the festivities that were praised as an example of order and civility and came to be established for more than four decades in the Carnival City.
However, in these days the participation of the majority of common people was limited to a watching happy and pleased, but the observer at the end. SALVE
WITHOUT PAR CARNIVAL
It is time to think about giving back to Bogota for a carnival that identify, encourage the explosion of imagination and creativity to help create sense of belonging to city \u200b\u200bas a physical process, cultural and environmental and ourselves as inhabitants of it. Returning
experience Carnival in the city that existed for over 400 years, considering the strengths and limitations of the wide range of neighborhood festivities still in force, analyzing the moods that pass through and electrify the city, we owe it to life, design Carnival celebrations we project towards the city of the future.
Imagine for a moment of reflection lúdicay one week: how nice it would be seen to transit the groups of guilds and towns, know the neighborhood g ~ unadorable carnival contest "My neighborhood is a note" to attend Mass preceded pitched martial parades, go to the retrospective "Film de Bogotá" which is organized in different neighborhoods, all after the workshop disguise masks and matachines that will encourage you eatretos in different parts of the capital, the tournament santafereños sayings and anecdotes, left to get to the Fair "Crafts of My City", linked to to day cleaning and grooming of lawns that takes place in the days of pre-carnival, run with the dancers in the streets and malls, go on a hygienic gourds of chicha or beer with a plate of cooked attend santafereños gatherings being organized in the neighborhood to decide how they will participate in the Carnival ... In short, many individual and collective energies Carnival has only a massive power capacity.
Yes of course, violence. i Carnival could become a bloodbath.
That depends, among other things, our capacity to engage with as many forces of the city, so that is not going to make a claim like that to the Cacique of Ubaque back in 1561 and could not understand why some do have the right and others not.
Exclusions of this kind are unthinkable, by definition, a real carnival, which everyone should be able to greet the manner of their wondrous dawns riosuceños:! Salve, salve pleasure of life, save, Hail unparalleled Carnival!.
1
BATTLE JOHN: Would you like coffee?
Joan: No, my nerves. JUAN
: Tea? JUANA
: Anyway, thanks.
JUAN: (drinking the last sip.) Today these very elegant.
Joan: Thank you, very kind of you.
(Pause. all continue working on their sites, only the sound of machines computer printers)
Joan: John you have a dirty neck, dress.
JOHN: This is the morning traffic, everything is spoiled.
Joan: The red spots are like flea bites.
(each up the view from her "armchair" work and laughs on the sly.)
John's face has gone from red to purple, is troubled and broken.
was at that moment that suggest the possibility - after all these years - to annihilate Juana, a woman who never wanted to promote him at work.
Press later confirmed by a later identified as Juana NN lay beside the road, the purple one day on the floor 42, saw his friends working in the face of John.
[1] President of the Community Corporation "Roots" Professor of Urban Sociology at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
2 According to some versions of the mythology muisca the puck would have been initially after God Fú lagoon dweller Fúquene addition to being the protector of the painters of blankets, was the God of carousing and drunkenness, which is why he behaved with stupidity funny.
[3] Ex-votos: figures made of different materials like wax, copper, aluminum, gold. ... silver, through which it represents a body part (arm, leg, eye, sinus, ear, lungs ...) or a situation, regarding which thanks or request a miraculous intervention of a character in the Catholic calendar. For example, the ex-voto to Our Lady of La Peña, in the historical area of \u200b\u200bBogota.
[4] "Myths. Chibcha legends and gods ", Jesus Arango Cano. 1965
[5] From "carnis" and "tollere" which means to remove or leave the meat
[6] The Bull was originally a medal and also a Lead Seal , which is accustomed place in the written orders and other indulgences the Holy Father.
[7] Quoted by Julian Vargas in "The Santa Fe colonial society, Cinep. 1990
[8] In 'Prints Santafereño', Guillermo Hernandez de Alba, and these tournaments citizens rebuild "soft ball of wax or clay, egg shells filled with flour or paint, are the projectiles going to crash into the dudes that make heroes these days of madness. " And goes on to quote the famous French Chronic Moyne: "The individual out of respect for the cleanliness of their clothes, because it suits you wet or the bitterness of his character does not want exposed to these mishaps, you have to stay home days or more, tightly enclosed ... True then down fighting between street people and the ladies entrenched in their homes ... The bite is elegant ... . (A) change of the bullets ... (Of) the fine members, (I sent) confetti and bouquets (flower). "
[9] Corpus: Latin for body. Day that the Catholic Church celebrates the Eucharist, or thanksgiving to the Lord our God.
[10] entanglement that is Fascinating muisca symbols are the English thanks to some common elements: tunjos of some and the ex-votos from the others, the veneration of the Zipa on one side and the King on the other, the procession to the lake and those processions to the temple of these, the costumes are common to both, the mixture of the profane and the sacred in every party that respected the cruelty of the English justice and severity dei Nemequene Code together with penalties and sacrifices that tremble with terror disproportionate privileges of commissioners and viceroys and amazing attributes Zipa and Chieftains, the Virgin mother and mistress "and Bachué mother and counselor ...
[11] Arca: originally deposit box or tightly closed, in which were kept among other symbolic elements given by God to men, the ten commandments of the Holy Mother Church
[12] "From the Life of old,. José Maria Cordovez frloure, in "Reminiscences of Sarna Fe and Bogota .."
[13] Just one of the first-as the national cinema film was "The Feast of Corpus Christi and San Antonio, . held in Bogotá by the brothers Domenico Di in the year AD 1915.
[14] ~ HIistortade Cited in Bogotá. Volume lll., MLSI Colombia. 1988. Hitting the police and citizens is widespread custom in the municipal parties cundiboyacense plain and other regions, such as the Department of Nariño. in which the goat bladders matachines aggressive or "powder day ~ in white, purposely target the law enforcement officials baffled.
[15] is celebrating the "
[17] In the case of Bogota. the black influence that existed but did not play leading role he had and has in other parts of the national territory.
[18] such criminal activities as the prohibition of a faith or the pursuit of chicha, comparable only to prevent. Today, the cult of the Virgin to impose devotion to Satárt or abolish by decree the chocolate and cheese and bread, the bureau capital.
[19] Castaneda's family is central to the Carnival of Blacks and Whites held in Pasto, Nariño and Putumayo part. Represents a lineage of slaves in the eighteenth century freed their slaves in Antioquia and travel every year ha.sta the south of the country to commemorate this event.
[20] "In that city ...", Rafael Serrano Camargo. 1981
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